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Based upon a database compiled by the author, this presentation provides an overview of the development of China’s criminal underworld during the past two decades and a quantitative assessment of its current state. Through examining the organized criminal groups, this presentation assesses the hardcore of China’s criminal underworld—the mafia-style criminal syndicates and its greater base—the underworld society. It argues that a challenge from the criminal underworld has increasingly posed as a serious threat to the transition course of Chinese society. It also gives explanations to the recent resurgence of the criminal underworld in China through a perspective of political science—putting stress on the state-failure factors. Accordingly, suggestions are made to the scholarly community and the policy circles.
 
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